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Marketing Services Ebay Customer Service - 3364 Words

Part 1 Dissatisfying Service incident 2 * Circumstances Leading to the Incident 2 * What Occurred During the Incident 2 * What made the Incident dissatisfying 3 * What could or should have been done differently 3 Part 2 Critical Incident Analysis 4 * The customer gap 4 * Type of encounters that occurred 4 * Source of displeasure/pleasure 4 * Dimensions of the servqual scale 5 * Reliability 5 * Responsiveness 5 * Assurance 5 * Empathy 6 Provider gap 1 The listening gap 6 * Inadequate service recovery 6 Provider gap 2 Service designs amp; standard gap 6 * Poor service design 6 Provider gap†¦show more content†¦After one hour of trying to figure out what was happening to my business, I was more confused than ever. I sent an email to EBay the day after trying to enquire why my store was cancelled and EBay replied back with an automated email with information that was not relevant to my case. What made the Incident dissatisfying * There was no customer support system set up in Australia. * Customer had to contact service support in America. * Communication was really poor, no reply was made on EBay’s behalf through phone or email. * The operator was rude and lacked communication skills. * No service recovery was in place, or customers weren’t provided with another option. * Level of attention was low, the operator didn’t care and showed frustration really easily. What could or should have been done differently This whole incident could have been prevented if there was actually a customer service support based in Australia, or if EBay actively replied to customers regarding their specific issues, instead of replying via an automated email system that sent out generic responses. The operator could have handled the situation much more efficiently, instead of letting the situation control her attitude. It seems that EBay had no recovery strategy in place to combat these complex issues and they only rely on a computer system to solve problems that requireShow MoreRelatedMarketing Approach For Direct Marketing Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesdramatic transformations and are now adopting a direct marketing approach. Direct marketing is the ability to connect directly with targeted consumers on a one-to-one interactive basis. It has also created many benefits for buyers and sellers. For buyers, direct marketing offers a wide selection of products that a store possibly could not hold all of these i tems. Through technology customers can look at product descriptions, images, customer feedback, and ratings before actually buying the productRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of The Marketing Strategy Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe Marketing Strategies that were exercised by eBay which contributed to its success. 1. 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Limb Loss A Major Event Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Amputation could be described as the remotion of a organic structure appendage or portion by surgery or injury. If taken as a surgical step, it is used to command hurting or disease procedure in the affected portion or limb. A individual with an amputation may experience mutilated, empty and vulnerable. We will write a custom essay sample on Limb Loss A Major Event Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Traumatic amputation is a ruinous hurt and frequently a major cause of disablement ( Wald 2004 ) . Furthermore, reduced self-pride, societal isolation, organic structure image jobs, and sense of stigmatisation have besides been associated with limb loss ( William et al. 2004 ) . In some state of affairss, amputation are ineluctable. Irrespective of the cause, amputation is a mutilating surgery and it decidedly affects the lives of these patients ( De Godoy et Al. 2002 ) . Amputation of limb is a common thing in this present society. The loss of a limb distorts the persons organic structure image taking to the idea of non being a complete human being. The loss of the maps performed with that limb renders him helpless for sometime.Apart from loss of physical maps, the amputee besides loses hopes and aspirations for the hereafter ; his programs and aspirations get shattered. Therefore, he loses non merely a limb but besides a portion of his universe and hereafter. A considerable figure of them remain disquieted and dying about their interpersonal relationship in the societal, vocational, familial and matrimonial surroundings. Those few who have an open mental dislocation will necessitate active psychiatric intervention. In others in whom the mental symptoms are non so obvious, a careful psychiatric interview is necessary to convey to the bow the interior convulsion whichmay need aid of a head-shrinker. Limb loss is a major event that can badly impact the psychological wellness of the person concerned. Surveies show that 20-60 % of the amputees go toing follow up clinics are assessed to be clinically depressed. Persons with traumatic amputation irrespective of the age are likely to endure subsequent troubles with respect to their organic structure image, but these are bit more dramatic in the younger age groups. The psychological reactions to amputation are clearly diverse runing from terrible disablement at one extreme ; and a finding to efficaciously restart a full and active life at other terminal. In grownups the age at which an person receives the amputation is an of import factor. Surveies by Bradway JK et Al 1984 [ 15 ] , Kohl SJ Et Al 1984 [ 30 ] , Livneh H 1999 [ 9 ] , on the psycho-social version to amputation has led to a overplus of clinical and empirical findings. Kingdon D et Al 1982 equated amputation with loss of one ‘s perceptual experience of wholenessA while Parkes CM 1976 [ 10 ] with loss of partner andA Block WE et al 1963 [ 16 ] , Goldberg RT et Al 1984 with symbolic emasculation A ; even death.A The person ‘s response to a traumatic event is influenced by personality traits, pre-morbid psychological province, gender, peri-traumatic dissociation, drawn-out disablement of traumatic events, deficiency of societal support and unequal header schemes. The old researches on amputation has focused chiefly on demographic variables, get bying mechanisms, and outcome steps ; with there being a scarceness of literature on prevalence of assorted specific psychiatric upsets in the post-amputation period. Most patients with a limb loss irrespective of whether due to traumatic or surgical processs go through a series of complex psychological responses ( Cansever et al 2003 [ 6 ] ) . Most people try to get by with it, those who do n’t win develop psychiatric symptoms ( Frank et al 1984 [ 7,8 ] ) .A Shukla et Al ( 1982 ) [ 4 ] A andA Frierson and Lippmann ( 1987 ) A note that psychological intercession in some signifier is needed in approximately 50 % of all amputees, andA Shulka and co-workers ( 1982 ) [ 4 ] A study depression to be the most common psychological reaction following amputation. The three major jobs faced by many amputees are anxiousness, depression and physical disablement ( Green 2007 ) Horgan A ; MacLachlan ( 2004 ) found Anxiety to be associated with depression, low ego regard, poorer sensed quality of life and higher degree of general anxiousness. With increasing age both anxiousness and depressive symptoms are associated with greater physical disablement ( Brenes et al. 2008 ) . Body image may be defined as the combination of an person ‘s psychosocial accommodation, experiences, feelings and attitudes that relate to the signifier, map, visual aspects and desirableness of one ‘s ain organic structure which is influenced by single and environmental factors ( Horgan A ; MacLachlan 2004 ) . Each individual holds an idealised image of the organic structure, which he uses to mensurate the percepts and constructs of his or her ain organic structure ( Fishman, 1959 ) . From another position, Flannery A ; Faria ( 1999 ) see body image in a individual as a dynamic changing phenomenon, it is formed by feelings and perceptual experiences about a individual ‘s organic structure that are invariably altering. Harmonizing to Newell ( 1991 ) , attractive people post amputation will probably have less support from others ensuing in a lessening in self-esteem and a lessening in positive self-image. Jacobsen et Al ( 1997 ) survey supports this stating that a mputation consequences in disfiguration which may take to a negative organic structure image and possible loss of societal credence. The relationship between disablement experience and stigma are interwoven and inter-dependent. The ground for the amputees subjective perceptual experience of being unfit for the society is likely that organic structure image non merely provides a sense of †self ‘ ‘but besides affects how we think, act and relate to others ( Wald 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Kolb ( 1975 ) , an change in an person ‘s organic structure image sets up a series of emotional, perceptual and psychological reactions. Fishman ( 1959 ) states a individual â€Å" must larn to populate with his perceptual experiences of his disablement † instead than â€Å" with his disablement. † Successful accommodation for the amputee appears to be in the incorporation of the prosthetic device into his or her organic structure image and his or her focal point on the hereafter and non on the portion lost ( Malone JM, Moore, WS, Goldston J, A et Al, 1979 and, Bradway JK [ 15 ] , Malone JM, Racy J, A et al 1984 ) . The psychiatric facets of amputation has received light involvement in our state, inspite of inadvertent hurts being common ( Shukla et al. , 1982 [ 4 ] ) . The commonest psychiatric upset seen in amputees is major depression. Randall et Al. ( 1945 ) have reported an incidence of 61 % in non-battle casualties, while Shukla et Al. ( 1982 ) [ 4 ] found depressive neuroticism ( 40 % ) and psychiatric depression ( 22 % ) as taking psychiatric upsets in amputees ; merely 35 % of the entire sample in the later survey had nil psychiatric upsets. The dearth of literature in this field has prompted us to analyze of amputation and its carbon monoxide morbid psychiatric conditions so that we may be after care amp ; direction for these patients. The present survey was undertaken with the purpose of analyzing the psychiatric jobs particularly anxiety, depression and organic structure dysmorphic syndrome which may be associated with disablement or changed life fortunes in the immediate post-amput ation period. A comparing was made with Stroke patients as these patients excessively frequently experience similar physical and societal disabilities to amputees. Depression is the most common temper upset to follow shot ( Starkstein A ; Robinson, 1989 ) , with major depression impacting around one one-fourth to one tierce of patients ( Beekman et al. , 1998 ; Ebrahim, Barer, A ; Nouri, 1987 ; Hackett, Yapa, Parag, A ; Anderson, 2005 ; Pohjasvaara et al. , 1998 ) . Depression has an inauspicious consequence on cognitive map, functional recovery, and endurance. Diagnostic and statistical manual ( DSM ) IV categorizes station shot depression as â€Å" temper upset due to general medical status ( i.e. shot ) † with the specific depressive characteristics, major depressive-like episodes, frenzied characteristics or assorted features.Two types of depressive upset associated with intellectual ischaemias have been described from surveies done with patient informations from acute infirmary admittance, community studies, or out patient clinics. Major depression occurs in up to 25 % of patients ; and minor depression occurs in 30 % of patient. Prevalence clearly varies over clip with an evident extremum 3months after the shot and later worsen in prevalence at 1 twelvemonth. Robinson and co-workers surveies showed a self-generated remittal in the natural class of major depression happening station shot in the first to 2nd twelvemonth following shot . However in few instances depression may go chronic and persist for a longer period. While some propose that station shot depression is due to stroke impacting the nervous circuits concerned with temper ordinance therby back uping a primary biological mechanism, others in the scientific community claim it to be due to the resulting societal and psychological stressors happening as a consequence of shot. Though an incorporate bio- psycho- societal theoretical account is warranted, most surveies clearly suggest the biological mechanism to hold the upper manus in the ulterior station stroke period than in the immediate stage. In the same manner Anxiety was about every bit common as depression and extra patients became dying at each clip point. Around 20 per cent of people will develop an anxiousness upset, most normally in the first three to four months after the shot. While the literature on PSA remains in its babyhood, the literature has begun to analyze its relationship to similar demographic, hurt, cognitive, and physical features as those examined for PSD. In footings of hurt features, PSA correlates significantly with right hemisphere lesions, while co-morbid PSA and PSD are linked to go forth hemisphere lesions ( Astrom,1996 ) .A Castillo etal. ( 1993 ) A foundA anxietyA more prevailing in association with posterior right hemisphere lesions, whereas worry withoutA anxietydisorderA was associated with anterior lesions. ThoseA studiesA that have found relationships between PSA and age and gender study that adult females ( Morrison, Johnston, A ; Walter, 2000 ; A Schultz, Castillo, Kosier, A ; Robinson, 1997 ) and younger patients ( lt ; 59 old ages ) are more susceptible to PSA ( Schultz et al. , 1997 ) , while others report no important relationship ( Dennis et al. , 2000 ) . Review literature: Amputation: Sociodemographic factors: Several surveies revealed that major depressive upsets and greater depressive symptomatology were more prevailing at lower degrees of socioeconomic position [ Bruce L et Al 1994, Stansfeld et al 1992 ] . However, income degrees of people with an amputa-tion were non related to depressive symptoms [ Behel J M et Al 2004 ] . Dunn used a 10-page questionnaire to determine a assortment of personal features such as matrimonial position, faith, instruction, and etiology, etc. about each of 138 topics recruited from the Eastern Amputee Golf Association.13 With a scope of points, the survey focused on those â€Å" related to the effects of positive significance, optimism, and perceived control on depression and self-pride. â€Å" 13 Depression was measured utilizing the CES-D while self-pride was assessed by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ( RSE ) . Sing physical factors, Dunn found that younger amputees were significantly more at hazard to develop depression than older amputees ( P lt ; .05 ) . Mentioning Williamson and Schulz every bit good as Frank [ 7,8 ] et Al, the writer suggests that both activity restriction-perhaps more usual, accepted by older persons than young-and visual aspect anxiousness may account for the determination. Wald et al supported Dunn ‘s findings with a mention to Fisher A ; Hanspal and Livneh ‘s articles that suggests immature individuals, with amputations secondary to trauma, are more likely to develop depression than older individuals with amputations secondary to disease.3 Wald et Al besides cites Cheung et al as demoing that individuals with upper appendage amputations had higher rates of depression than lower appendage amputees. Darnall et Al ‘s telephone cross-sectional study revealed some interesting physical hazard factors for depression. The survey found that comorbidities were a important hazard factor ( for one comorbidity, p=.007 ; for two comorbidities, pa†°Ã‚ ¤.001 ) . Anyone with terrible apparition hurting was 2.92 times more likely to develop depression than those without annoying pain.8 Other types of hurting such as residuary limb or back hurting were besides found to increase the opportunity of developing depressive symptoms. Hanley et al took 70 topics, 1 month post-amputation of the lower appendage, and asked inquiries about map, apparition limb hurting, header, etc. The patients were assessed once more at 12 and 24 months after the amputation.14 Phantom limb hurting was measured utilizing points adapted from the Graded Chronic Pain Scale ( GCPS ) and pain intervention was measured by portion of the Brief Pain Inventory ( BPI ) . Later, multiple arrested development analyses were used to find what factors at the initial appraisal may hold predicted the development of depression. Ultimately, the survey found the most certain physical factor to increase the hazard of depression was the presence along with the badness of apparition limb hurting. Using HADS with 105 topics at an amputation rehabilitation ward, Singh et al found none of the following to be risk factors for depression or anxiousness: age, gender, clip since amputation, degree or prosthetic bringing events.10 There was, nevertheless, a important correlativity between the presence of comorbidities and depression ( p lt ; .01 ) every bit good as between life in isolation and anxiousness ( p lt ; .05 ) . The writers offer small account for their findings. Dunn found ab initio that none of the following appeared to be risk factors for depression: gender, degree of amputation, matrimonial position, race, income degree, instruction, employment, or spiritual affiliation.13 Ultimately, nevertheless, the survey did find-as Wald et Al subsequently reported-that beyond young person as a physical hazard factor for depression, there were several emotional/psychological hazard factors.3 Subjects who were less optimistic-not needfully pessimistic-about their state of affairs were more likely to develop depression, as were those who could non happen significance in their amputation experience and anyone who felt they had small control over their intervention and position. It was the participants who reported missing a positive mentality, who could believe merely of the negative effects, and who felt out of control or unimportant that tended to show down symptoms as clip progressed. Wald et al went farther to mention Breakey and Rybarczyk et Al with findings proposing that missing a societal support system, holding issues with visual aspect, and uncomfortableness in society due to personal perceptual experiences about societal interactions all increased the likeliness of developing depression.3 This construct of hurt and depression issue from the amputee keeping certain beliefs about visual aspect and being sensitive to public uneasiness was echoed in the findings of Atherton et al.11 That survey explained the findings by proposing that individuals with high public uneasiness were by and large the type of individual to care a batch about societal contact and what is considered â€Å" normal † ; these individuals would be acutely cognizant of how they might now be perceived to be â€Å" different † and accordingly experience hard-pressed. Lack of societal support after an amputation was found to be a hazard factor in several of the reviewed surveies, including Darnall et al.8 The survey discovered that those topics who were, at the clip of or shortly after the amputation, either divorced or separated from a important other were more likely to develop depressive symptoms. Besides likely to increase depression rates was populating near the poorness degree ; depression, nevertheless, was buffered by the topic holding a higher instruction. Populating near the poorness degree and holding a higher instruction, although both are imaginable particularly sing the emphasis poorness topographic points upon individuals with medical conditions, was non confirmed in any of the other literature reviewed here. Previous depressive episodes and abnormal psychology was found to be a hazard factor for later depression in both Meyer and Ehde et al.5,9 Meyer ‘s survey suggested that pre-injury personality disfunction had the greatest influence on the prevalence of depression after an amputation, in this instance of the manus. Ehde et al discovered old depressive episodes-since the amputation but earlier in the survey of 24 months-to be more declarative, instead than pre-injury mental province. The survey besides suggests gender and societal support to be of import factors in the development of depression. Interestingly, Ehde et Al claims that pain catastrophizing by the topic while in the infirmary puting leads to modern-day and later increased rates of depression.9 Commenting on its contradiction to common cognition and other literature on this point, Hanley et al studies happening that hurting catastrophizing in patients decreased the prevalence of depression in survey subjects.14 The writers speculate that patient hurting catastrophizing, peculiarly in the ague attention puting, garnered more attending from wellness attention staff and household, with it possibly more of the psychological or physical attention they needed to retrieve. This suggests that, by being more demanding, the patients received support that other less-vocal patients did non. Last, beyond hapless hurting tolerance, both Seidel et Al and Desmond found that topics who avoided discussing or screening and were in denial about their amputation were more likely to develop depression both ab initio and long-term.6,7 Subjects who preferred to avoid admiting their new position as amputees besides tended to hold hapless credence of their prosthetic device. This became evident at the clip of prosthetic adjustments when topics frequently became progressively distressed, by and large going depressed. Depression and anxiousness: Most surveies agree that between 20 and 30 % of amputees qualify for MDD after amputation This depression is frequently associated with anxiousness and may or may non be attributable to posttraumatic emphasis upset. All surveies describing on the prevalence of depression in the amputee population found rates higher than those in the general population, peculiarly in the months and old ages instantly following the amputation. Grunert et al. , as cited in Wald et Al, found that, at the initial appraisal after manus hurt, 62.4 % of topics claimed depressive symptoms. Another reappraisal, Horgan et Al, cites Caplan et al as happening 58 % of topics to measure up for MDD at 18-months station amputation while mentioning Bodenheimer et Al ‘s findings of a 30 % depression rate. Meyer determined that the bulk of surveies on depression in amputees, on norm, found a prevalence of about 30 % , between three and six times higher than the world-wide rate. Seidel et Al found a similar rate of depression among individuals after the amputation of a lower appendage as opposed to the more socially noticeable upper appendage and custodies. In a three-part cross-sectional study administered to 75 patients seen at the Klinik und Poliklinik fur Technische Orthopade des Universitatsklinikums Munster, topics were asked inquiries and assessed harmonizing to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) , In this survey, 27 % and 25 % of the topics with a lower appendage amputation demonstrated increased depression or anxiousness, severally ; 18.3 % had both higher depression and anxiousness. Desmond determined that 28.3 % of the topics had tonss to bespeak possible MDD and 35.5 % qualified for clinical anxiousness. Darnall et al completed a cross-sectional study via telephone with 914 capable amputees.8 The topics were selected from a database of people who contacted the Amputee Coalition of America between 1998 and 2000 ; the sample was categorized per the topics ‘ etiologies but both upper and lower appendage amputations were included. Through informations analysis the survey found a depression prevalence of 28.7 % which the writers concluded was comparable to rates antecedently reported in surveies of depression in the amputee population. Singh et Al performed a cohort survey on 105 individuals with lower appendage amputation secondary to a assortment of etiologies who were admitted to an amputee rehabilitation ward.10 Upon admittance and discharge, each topic completed the HADS ; during the class of their stay, certain factors about each patient-such as gender, societal inside informations and found at admittance, 26.7 % of the topics were classified as down and 24.8 % as dying. Through a cross-sectional study of 67 new ( within the past five old ages ) adult lower appendage amputees who wear prosthetic devices, Atherton et al investigated the topics ‘ longer term psychological accommodation to amputation and found 13.4 % of the topics to be depressed and 29.9 % to be dying. Ziad M Hawamdeh et Al, have shown the prevalence of depressive and anxiousness symptoms to be 20 % and 37 % severally, which is consistent with several old surveies that confirmed high rates of anxiousness and depressive symptoms after amputation with prevalence up to 41 % ( Kashani et al 1983 ; Schubert et Al 1992 ; Hill et al 1995 ; Cansever et Al 2003 [ 6 ] ; Atherton and Robertson 2006 ; Seidel et Al 2006 ) . Most surveies have found no important relationship between the clip resulting amputation and psychological perturbations ( Rybarczyk et al 1992 ; Thompson et Al 1984 ) , ( Horgan and Maclachlan 2004 ) . Horgan and Maclachlan ( 2004 ) in their publication on amputations psychological accommodation concluded that depression and anxiousness seemingly are higher in the first 2 old ages post amputation and thenceforth worsen to degrees prevalent in the general population. Singh and Hunter 2007 in their recent survey concluded depression neodymium anxiousness symptoms to decide after in patient rehab for a short continuance. Gender is one of the sociodemographic factor that could be associated with result following amputation. In footings of psychological wellbeing following amputation, most surveies have found no difference in psychosocial result between work forces and adult females ( Bradway et al 1984 [ 15 ] ; Williamson 1995 ; Williamson and Walters 1996 ) . But surveies performed by Kashani and col-leagues ( 1983 ) , O’Toole and co-workers ( 1984 ) , and Pezzin and co-workers ( 2000 ) , have reported adult females to be more likely to see depression, and to execute more ill on a step that includes an appraisal of emotional adaptability. Fisher and Hanspal ( 1998 ) , Livneh and co-workers ( 1999 ) [ 9 ] suggested immature grownups with traumatic amputation to be at higher hazard of major depression in comparing to persons with surgical amputations. Other surveies analyzing the relationship between cause of amputation and psychosocial result have found no consequence of amputation on psychiatric symptoms ( Shukla et al 1982 [ 4 ] ) , anxiousness ( Weinstein 1985 ) , and depressive symptoms ( Kashani et al 1983 ; Rybarczyk et Al 1992 ; Williamson and Walters 1996 ) . Engstorm et Al ( 2001 ) , showed that the amputee ‘s current household reactions to hold a important consequence on accommodation. Williamson et Al ( 1984 ) , Thompson and Haran ( 1984 ) , Rybarczyk et Al ( 1992, 1995 ) , found depression to be more prevailing in those who are socially stray and with low sensed degrees of societal support. Harmonizing to Weinstein ( 1985 ) , although above articulatio genus amputations are associated with poorer rehabilitation results and higher activity limitation degrees, AK amputations were non found to be associated with increased degrees of anxiousness, societal uncomfortableness, general psychiatric symptoms ( Shukla et al 1982 [ 4 ] ) , depression ( Behel et al 2002 ) , or accommodation to amputation ( Tyc 1992 ) . O’Toole et Al ( 1984 ) found that persons with BK amputation to be more likely down than those with AK amputations because BK is less badly disenabling than AK in footings of operation. Body image perturbation: Few surveies have been reported in the literature in the country of research on organic structure image and the amputee. Fishman ( 1959 ) determined the amputee ‘s perceptual experience of his or her physical disablement has a greater influence on successful rehabilitation than the extent of the disablement. He states, â€Å" A figure of really specific psychological, societal and physiological homo demands are thwarted when one becomes physically handicapped as a consequence of amputation†¦ . The method of seting psychologically to an amputation is chiefly a map of the preamputation personality and psychosocial background of the individual. Each individual holds an idealised image of the organic structure, which he uses to mensurate the percepts and constructs of his or her ain organic structure ( Fishman, 1959 ) . From another position, Flannery A ; Faria ( 1999 ) see body image in a individual as a dynamic changing phenomenon, it is formed by feelings and perceptual experiences about a individual ‘s organic structure that are invariably altering. Harmonizing to Kohl ( 1984 ) [ 30 ] , a individual who has lost a limb must see him- or herself every bit merely that ( a individual who has lost a limb ) and non burthen him- or herself with labels such as â€Å" amputee. † Kohl [ 30 ] suggests this attitude is the key to a positive accommodation to a new organic structure image after an amputation. Shontz ( 1974 ) suggests an person who is losing a limb has three organic structure images: the preamputation integral organic structure, the organic structure with limb loss and the organic structure image when have oning a prosthetic device. The weiss et Al ( 1971 ) studied 56 transfemoral amputees and 44 transtibial amputees utilizing a comprehensive battery of trials and a 50-item Amputee Behavior Rating Scale. The evaluation graduated table assessed the existent behavior of the amputees as observed by the members of the amputee clinic squad. This signifier was completed by the squad members: the doctor, healer, prosthetics and rehabilitation counselor. On about all measures the transtibial amputees obtained better tonss than the transfemoral amputees. The research workers wises et Al ( 1971 ) found â€Å" the degree of amputation was significantly related to legion facets of psychophysiological and personality working while aetiology was non. † They concluded that since transtibial amputees are less handicapped as a group, they by and large function better than transfemoral amputees. In add-on, they suggest the less-positive self-image of the transfemoral amputees besides can be attributed to a less-appealing p ace, frequently with a noticeable hitch ( wises et al 1971 ) . Post shot: Sociodemographic profile: The possible influences of socioeconomic position ( SES ) , age and gender on the development of depression following shot have all been examined, with inconsistent consequences ( Ouimet et al. 2001 ) . Although one could foretell intuitively that lower SES and increasing age are associated with the hazard for PSD, this is non needfully the instance. Andersen et Al. ( 1995 ) reported that SES had no influence on the hazard for post-stroke depression and recent surveies suggest that younger instead than older age is associated with increased hazard ( Eriksson et al. 2004 ; Carota et Al. 2005 ) . Given the well higher prevalence of depression among adult females when compared to work forces in the general population ( Wilhelm A ; Parker 1994 ; Ouimet et Al. 2001 ; Salokangas et Al. 2002 ) , a higher prevalence of PSD among adult females might be expected. While the consequences from some surveies support the association between female sex and PSD ( Desmond et al. 2003 ; Paradiso A ; Robinson 1998 ; Ouimet et Al. 2001, Eriksson et al. , 2004, Paolucci et Al. 2005 ) , others do non ( Ouimet et al. 2001 ; Berg et Al. 2003 ; Whyte et Al. 2004, Spalletta et Al. 2005 ) . However, there may be existent differences between work forces and adult females in footings of the comparative importance of hazard factors for PSD. Among work forces, physical damage may be a more influential hazard factor ( Paradiso A ; Robinson 1998 ; Berg et Al. 2003 ) , while among adult females, old history of psychiatric upset may be more of import ( Paradiso A ; Robinson 1998 ) . Depression and anxiousness: Three possible accounts for the association between physical unwellness and depression have been sought. First, and least likely is a coinciding relationship. The 2nd is a negative temper reaction to the physical effects of the shot. The impact of the physical unwellness may exert its consequence through the losingss it causes to the person as a major negative life event ( losingss to selfesteem, independency, employment, etc. ) . The 3rd possible account is a neurotransmitter instability as a consequence of intellectual harm caused by the shot. Depression is a well-documented sequela of shot. Based on pooled informations from published prevalence surveies ( Robinson 2003 ) , the average prevalence of depression among in-patients in ague or rehabilitation scenes was 19.3 % and 18.5 % for major and minor depression severally while, among persons in community scenes, average prevalence for major and minor depression was reported to be 14.1 % and 9.1 % . Among patients included in outpatient surveies, mean reported prevalence was 23.3 % for major depression and 15 % for minor depression ( Robinson 2003 ) . Overall average prevalence ranged from 31.8 % in the community surveies to 35.5 % in the ague and rehabilitation infirmary surveies. A recent systematic reappraisal of prospective, experimental surveies of post-stroke depression ( Hackett et al. 2005 ) reported that 33 % of shot subsisters exhibit depressive symptoms at some clip following shot ( acute, medium-term or long-run followup ) . Estimates of prevalence may be affected by the clip from shot onset until appraisal. In fact, the highest rates of incident depression have been reported in the first month following shot ( Andersen et al. 1995, Aben et Al. 2003, Bhogal et Al. 2004, Morrison et Al. 2005, Aben et Al. 2006 ) . Paolucci et Al. ( 2005 ) reported that, of 1064 patients included in the DESTRO survey, 36 % developed depression of whch 80 per centum of them developed depression within the first three station stroke months ( Paolucci et al. 2005 ) . The incidence of major depression may diminish over the first 2 old ages following shot ( Astrom et al. 1993, Verdelho et Al. 2004 ) but minor depression tends to prevail or instead addition over the above mentioned clip period ( Burvill et al. 1995 ; Berg et Al. 2003, Verdelho et Al. 2004 ) . Berg et Al. ( 2003 ) reported about one-half of the persons sing depression during the acute stage station shot, to see it in the resulting one and half twelvemonth ; nevertheless, more adult females than work forces have been identified in the acute stage while there is a male predomination in the latter half period ( Berg et al. 2003 ) . The survey of temper upsets after shot has focused mostly on depression. Reported prevalence of PSD varies widely, though most surveies place prevalence between 20 and 50 % , and indicate that depression persists 3-6 months poststroke ( Fedoroff, Starkstein, Parikh, Price, A ; Robinson, 1991 ; Hosking, Marsh, A ; Friedman et al, 2000 ; Lyketsos, Treisman, Lipsey, Morris, A ; Robinson, 1998 ; Parikh, Lipsey, Robinson, A ; Price, 1988 ; Schubert, et al 1992 ; Schwartz et al. , 1993 ; Starkstein, Bryer, Berthier, A ; Cohen, 1991 ; Starkstein A ; Robinson, 1991a, 1991b ) . PSD has a negative impact on instance human death and rehabilitation ( Whyte A ; Mulsant, 2002 ) , and functional results ( Herrmann, Black, Lawrence, Szekely, A ; Szalai, 1998 ) . In contrast, PSA has merely late begun to be investigated ( Castillo, Schultz, A ; Robinson, 1995 ; Castillo, Starkstein, Fedoroff, A ; Price, 1993 ; Chemerinski A ; Robinson, 2000 ; Dennis, O’Rourke, Lewis, Sharpe, A ; Warlow, 2000 ; Robinson, 1997, 1998 ; Shimoda A ; Robinson, 1998 ) with prevalence studies runing from 4 to 28 % ( Astrom, 1996 ; House et al. , 1991 ) . As with PSD, the class of PSA has been found to stay reasonably changeless up to 3 old ages post stroke ( Astrom, 1996 ; Robinson, 1998 ) . Co-morbidity of PSA and PSD is high, with every bit many as 85 % of people with generalized anxiousness holding co-morbid depression during the 3 old ages post stroke ( Castillo et al. , 1993, 1995 ) . Previously depression was found to be frequent in immature patients ( Neau et al. 1998 ) , while in some surveies ( Sharpe et al. 1994, kotila et Al. 1998 ) it has been related to old age. Lack or societal support and both functional and cognitive damage may increase the hazard of depressive upset in the elsderly ( Sharpe et al. 1994 ) . Robinson et Al in 1984 studied patients of shot in 2 groups in relation to onset of of depression, group of patients with acute oncoming of depression, within few hebdomads after shot and 2nd group with delayed oncoming of depression over 24 months and found no difference in clinical characteristics or class of depression in the two groups. In 1986 Lapse et al compared a group of patients with PSD with 43 platinums with functional depression that the two groups did non differ in the symptom profile of depression is the important determination in their survey. Although post-stroke depression ( PSD ) is a common effect of shot, hazard factors for the development of PSD have non been clearly delineated. In a recent systematic reappraisal, Hackett and Anderson ( 2005 ) included informations from a sum of 21 surveies ( Table 18.2 ) . Of the many different variables assessed, physical disablement, stroke badness and cognitive damage were most systematically associated with depression. In an earlier reappraisal of 9 prospective surveies analyzing post-stroke depression, the hazard factors identified most systematically as increasing an person ‘s hazard for post-stroke depression included a past history of psychiatric morbidity, societal isolation, functional damage, populating entirely and dysphasia ( Ouimet et al. 2001 ) . Since the clip of the Hackett et Al. ( 2005 ) and Ouimet et Al. ( 2001 ) reviews, more recent surveies have confirmed the importance of badness of initial neurological shortage and physical disablement as forecasters of the development of depression after shot ( Carota et al. 2005, Christensen et Al. 2009 ) . In add-on, Storor and Byrne ( 2006 ) examined post-stroke depression in the acute stage ( within14 yearss of shot oncoming ) and identified important associations between prestrike neurosis ( OR = 3.69, 95 % CI 1.25 – 10.92 ) and a past history of mental upsets ( OR = 10.26, 95 % CI 3.02 – 34.86 ) and the presence of dep ressive symptoms. Stroke Location and Depression: There have been 2 meta-analyses analyzing this relationship ( Singh et al. 1998, Carson et Al. 2000 ) . Singh et Al. ( 1998 ) conducted a critical assessment on the importance of lesion location in post-stroke depression. The writers consistently selected 26 original articles that examined lesion location and post-stroke depression. Thirteen of the 26 articles satisfied inclusion standard ( Table 18.3 ) . Six of those surveies found no important difference in depression between right and left hemisphere lesions. Two surveies found that right-sided lesions were more likely to be associated with depression and 4 surveies found that left-sided lesions were more likely to be associated with post-stroke depression. Merely one survey matched patients with and without depression for lesion location and size to place non-lesion hazard factors. Consequently, Singh et Al. ( 1998 ) were unable to do any unequivocal decisions refering shot lesion location and the hazard for depression. Carson et Al. ( 2000 ) undertook a systematic reappraisal to see the association between post-stroke depression and lesion location. All studies on the association of poststroke depression with location of encephalon lesions were included in the reappraisal. In entire 48 studies were included for reappraisal ( Table 18.4 ) . The writers of the reappraisal identified 38 studies that found no important difference in hazard of depression between lesion sites ; 2 reported an increased hazard of poststroke depression with left-sided lesions ; 7 reported increased hazard with right-sided lesions ; and one study demonstrated an association between depression and lesions in the right parietal part or the left frontal part. Robinson A ; Szetela ( 1981USA ) : 18 patients with left hemispheric shot were compared to 11 patients with traumatic encephalon hurt for frequence and badness of depression, More than 60 % of the shot patients had clinically important depression compared with approximately 20 % of the injury patients. Hermann et Al. ( 1995 Germany ) : 47 patients with individual demarcated one-sided lesions were selected for survey. Clinical scrutiny, CT scan scrutiny and psychiatric appraisal were performed within a 2-month period after the acute shot. No important differences in depression tonss noted between patients with left and right hemisphere lesions. Major depression was exhibited in 9 patients with left hemispheric shots all affecting the basal ganglia. None of the patients with right hemispheric shots exhibited a major depression. Morris et Al. ( 1996a Australia ) : 44 first-ever shot patients with individual lesions on CT were examined for the presence of post-stroke depression, badness of depression and its relationship to lesion location. Patients with left hemisphere prefrontal or basal ganglia constructions had a significantly higher frequence of depressive upset than other left hemispheric lesions or those with right hemispheric lesions. Based on the consequences of a meta-analysis conducted by Bhogal et Al. ( 2004 ) , there appears to be some grounds that depression following shot may be related to the anatomical site of encephalon harm, although the nature of this anatomic relationship is non wholly clear ( Bhogal et al. 2004 ; Figure 18.1 ) . The John Hopkins Group ( Lipsey et al. 1983, Robinson A ; Szetela 1981, Robinson A ; Price 1982, Robinson et Al. 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987 ) carried out a series of surveies researching the relationship of post-stroke depression to the location of the lesion within the encephalon itself. They found that in a selected group of shot patients, similar to those admitted to a shot rehabilitation unit, depression appeared to be more frequent in patients with left hemispheric lesions ( Robinson A ; Szetela 1981, Robinson A ; Price 1982, Robinson 1986, Robinson et al 1987 ) . Among these patients, the badness of depression correlated reciprocally withthe distance of the lesion from the frontal poles ( Robinson A ; Szetela 1981, Robinson A ; Price 1982, Robinson et Al. 1982,1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, Starkstein et al. 1987 ) . Patients with subcortical, cerebellar or brainstem lesions had much shorter-lasting depressions than patients with cortical lesions ( Starkstein et Al. 1987,1988 ) . The correlativity of major depression to the propinquity of the lesion to the frontal pole has been confirmed by Sinyor et Al. ( 1986 ) and Eastwood ( 1989 ) . Right hemispheric lesions failed to show a similar relationship with depression. Interestingly, in one survey, patients who had both an anxiousness upset and a major depression showed a significantly higher frequence of cortical lesions, while patients with major depression merely had a significantly higher frequence of subcortical ( radical ganglia ) shot ( Starkstein et al. 1987 ) . Finally, the two big systematic reappraisals by Singh et Al. ( 1998 ) and Carson et Al. ( 2000 ) referred to antecedently, failed to happen a relationship between the shot lesion site and depression. Recent studies have suggested that psychosocial hazard factors including age, sex and functional damage or old history of psychiatric perturbation are greater subscribers to the development of PSD than lesion location ( Singh et al. 2000, Berg et Al. 2003, Carota et Al. 2004, Aben et Al. 2006 ) . While the literature on PSA remains in its babyhood, the literature has begun to analyze its relationship to similar demographic, hurt, cognitive, and physical features as those examined for PSD. In footings of hurt features, PSA correlates signii ¬?cantly with right hemisphere lesions, while co-morbid PSA and PSD are linked to go forth hemisphere lesions ( Astrom, 1996 ) . Castillo et Al. ( 1993 ) found anxiousness more prevalent in association with posterior right hemisphere lesions, whereas worry without anxiousness upset was associated with anterior lesions. Those surveies that have found relationships between PSA and age and gender study that adult females ( Morrison, Johnston, A ; Walter, 2000 ; Schultz, Castillo, Kosier, A ; Robinson, 1997 ) and younger patients ( lt ; 59 old ages ) are more susceptible to PSA ( Schultz et al. , 1997 ) , while others report no signii ¬?cant relationship ( Dennis et al. , 2000 ) . Most surveies that have examined cognitive map and PSA have besides assessed physical damage. Castillo et Al. ( 1993, 1995 ) study that PSA is non signii ¬?cantly correlated with physical operation, cognitive operation, or societal operation. While some writers likewise report no signii ¬?cant correlativity ( Starkstein et al. , 1990 ) , others report that anxiousness is linked to greater damage in activities of day-to-day populating both acutely and up to 3 old ages post stroke ( Schultz et al. , 1997 ) . To day of the month, few surveies have examined both depression and anxiousness station shot, or their differential relationships to these factors. Suzanne L. Barker-Collo ( 2007 ) found in his survey Prevalence rates for moderate to severe depression and anxiousness in the present sample were 22.8 and 21.1 % , severally. That left hemisphere lesion was related to increased likeliness of depression and anxiousness is consistent with the literature if one considers 3 months to be within the acute stage of recovery ( Astrom, 1996 ; Astrom et al. , 1993 ; Bhogal et al. , 2004 ) . There is a dearth of literature about Body Dysmorphic Disorder ( BDD ) in station shot person. Aim and aims: To depict psychiatric profile of the patient with amputation and comparison with station shot patient. Materials and methods: Study was carried out in outpatient and inpatient section of orthopedicss, plastic surgery, general medical specialty at Govt. Stanley Medical College. Time period of survey: From may 2012 to October 2012 ( 6months ) Design of survey: Case -control survey Choice of sample: A sum of 30 patient consecutively chosen, organize the sample for instances and back-to-back sample of 30 patient with shot constitute the control group. Patient were assessed within the period of two to six hebdomads after amputation and shot. Inclusion and Exclusion standards: Cases ( Patients with amputation ) INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients who underwent elected every bit good as exigency amputation. Age between 18 old ages to 60 old ages. Exclusion Standards: Patients with age less than 18 old ages and with age more than 60 old ages Previous history of psychiatric unwellness Patients with history of psychiatric unwellness before the amputation Patients with other medical unwellness Controls INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with shot Age between 18 old ages to 60 old ages. Exclusion Standards: Patients with age less than 18 old ages and with age more than 60 old ages Previous history of psychiatric unwellness Patients with history of psychiatric unwellness before the oncoming of shot Patients with other medical unwellness Tools used: A structured interview agenda to analyze the demographics, clinical characteristics and other relevant factors in history. General Health Questionnair ( GHQ-28 ) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) Hamilton Depression evaluation Scale ( HDRS/HAM-D ) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ( BPRS ) Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. ( YBOCS-BDD ) General Health Questionnaire ( GHQ 28 ) The GHQ 28 was developed by Goldberg in 1978, Developed as a shouting tool to observe those likely to hold or to crush hazard of developing psychiatric upset. GHQ 28 is a 28 point steps of emotional depression medical scenes, through factor analysis GHQ 28 has been divided into 4 subscales. They are: Bodily symptoms ( 1-7 ) Anxiety/insomnia ( 8-14 ) Social disfunction ( 15-21 ) Severe depression ( 22-28 ) Each point is occupied by 4 possible responses non at all, no more than usual, instead more than usual and much more than usual. There are different methods to hit GHQ 28. It can be scored from 0-3 for each response with a entire possible mark on the runing from 0-84. Using this method, a entire mark of 23/24 is the threshold for the presence of hurt. Alternatively to GHQ 28 can be scored with a binary method where non at all and no more than usual mark 0, and instead more than usual and much more than usual mark 1, utilizing this method any mark above 4 indicates the presence of hurt. Numerous surveies have investigated dependability and cogency of the GHQ 28 in assorted clinical populations. Test-Retest dependability has been reported to be high ( 0.78+00.09 ) ( Robinson and monetary value ( 1982 ) and intra rater and inter rater dependability have both been shown to be first-class ( crnballi ‘s 20.9-0.95 ) . High internal consistences have besides been reported. ( Failde and Ramos 2000 ) . GHQ 28 correlatives good with the infirmary depression and anxiousness graduated table ( HADS ) ( Sakakibara 2009 ) and other steps of depression ( Robinson and monetary value 1982 ) . Hospital anxiousness and depression graduated table ( HADS ) HADS was originally developed by Zigmond and snaitn ( 1983 ) , it is normally used to find the degrees of anxiousness and depression. Sum of 14 points in that 7 points for anxiousness and 7 for depression. Each point on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that individual can hit between 0 and 21 for either anxiousness or depression. ( Scale used is a likes mark and the bow informations returned from the HADS is ordinal informations ) and subdivided into mild 8-10, moderate 11-15 and terrible greater or equal to 16. Internal consistence has been found to be first-class for the anxiousness ( 2-85 ) and adequate for the depression graduated table and besides has equal cogency for anxiousness HADS gave a specificity of 0.78 sensitiveness of 0.9. For depression this gave specificity of 0.78 and sensitiveness of 0.83. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression The Hamilton evaluation graduated table for depression ( HAMD ) , developed by M.Hamilton is the most widely used evaluation graduated table to measure the symptoms of depression. The HAMD is a observer rated scale consisting of 17 to 21 points ( separately 2 portion points, weight and denary fluctuation ) . Rating is based on clinical interview, plus any extra variable information such as household members study. The points are rated on either 0-4 spectrum or a 0-2 spectrum. The HAM-D relies rather to a great extent on the clinical interviewing teguments and experience of rater in measuring persons with depressive unwellness. As most patients score zero on rare points in depression ( Depersonalization and compulsion and paranoiac symptoms ) , the entire mark on HAMD by and large consists of merely amount of first 17 points. The strength of the HAMD is first-class proof research base and easiness of disposal. Its usage is limited in person who have psychiatric upset other than primary depression Scoring 0-7 aNormal 8-13 aMild depression 14-18 aModerate depression 19-22 asevere depression Greater than 23 aVery terrible depressions Brief psychiatric evaluation accomplishment ( BPRS ) Developed by JE overall and Dr.Gorhav in 1962 it is widely used comparatively brief graduated table that measures major psychotic and non psychotic symptoms in single with major psychiatric upset, peculiarly Scurophressia. The 18 points BPRS is possibly the most researched instrument in psychopathology. 18 points rated on 1-7. Items are divided into observed and reported points. Observed Items Reported Items Emotional backdown Bodily concern Conceptual disorganisation Anxiety Tension Guilt feeling Idiosyncrasy and Posturing Depressive temper Motor deceleration Hostility Uncooperativeness Suspicion Blunted affect Hallucinatory behaviour Exhilaration Unusual tuocyn content Disorientation Strengths of the graduated table includes is brevity, easiness of disposal, broad usage and good rescanned position. Yale Brown Obsessive compulsive Scale for BDD YBOCS is a test/scale to rate the badness of OCD symptoms. Scale was designed by Dr.Wayne Goodman and his co-workers, is used extensively in research and clinical pattern. Modified YBOCS graduated table is used to mensurate to badness of symptoms of compulsion and irresistible impulse in a patient holding pre business with sensed defect in visual aspect ( BDD ) . It is a 12 point instrument consisting 5 inquiries on preoccupation and 5 inquiries on compulsive behavior, one on penetration and one on turning away. More specifically it assesses clip occupied by preoccupation with the sensed defect in visual aspect, intervention in operation, hurt, opposition and control. Similar buildings are assessed for compulsive behavior. Similar to the YBOCS for OCD, each points on the YBOCS-BDD measured on the 5 point likert graduated table with higher mark denoting progressively psycho-pathology. Mark on this 12 points ranges from 0-48 the YBOCS-BDD has been shown to hold good inter rated dependability, trial retest dependability and internal consistence. It has besides shown to be sensitive to alter. It was developed as mensurating badness of BDD symptoms instead than as a diagnostic tool. It should be noted that, scale first 3 points reflect the DSM IV diagnostic standards for BDD. The advantage or BDD-YBOCS is that it assists in comparing clients across surveies. It is based on the YBOCS and is hence curicitically bound to a theoretical account of an obsessional compulsive ghosts disorder. An of import different between YBOCS BDD and YBOCS for OCD is that the ideas about the organic structure defect combine the evaluation for both the stimulation and knowledge response. In OCD Rumination would be rated under the irresistible impulse. Procedure A sum of 30 patients amputation consecutively chosen signifier to try for instances and a at the same time sample 30 patient with shot constitute to command group who free make full the exclusion and inclusion standards were taken for survey. A written informed concern was obtained. HAMD, BPRS, HADS, GHQ-28, YBOCS-BDD graduated tables were administered after clinically measuring as per 1CD-10 diagnostic standards. Ethical commission blessing The survey was submitted for ethical commission blessing on at Govt. Stanley infirmary and blessing was obtained. Statistical method The information collected will be entered in excel marker sheet and analysis utilizing SPSS for this different in frequence distribution and other evaluations on different steps appropriate statistical trial seen as t trial, cui square trial are employed. The socio demographical profile and HAMD, YBOCS BDD, HADS, BPRS GHQ-28 graduated tables were given in frequences with their percentage.HAMD, HADS, BPRS, GHQ-28, YBOCS BDD scores difference between instances and controls were analyzed utilizing chi- square trial. The place of the topic in instances and control were analyzed utilizing cui-square trial. The Association between socio demographic, psychiatric upset was analyzed utilizing cui-square trial. Incidence of psychiatric morbidity off amputees was given in per centum 95 % assurance interval. How to cite Limb Loss A Major Event Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

International Security Studies for Criminal Justice- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Security Studies for Criminal Justice. Answer: Policy Brief to the United States Ambassador to the United Nations on the Myanmar Governments Decision to End of the Crisis, October 2017 Mr /Mrs, The recent decision for the solution of the crisis in the Rohingya has been interrupted due to several reasons. The violation of the human rights in the Rohingya has been the main reason for the crisis in the region. Rohingya, Myanmar has been an extreme backward region with having limited facilities for livelihood. The basic facilities of living has not been provided to the region that have caused aggression in people of Rohingya. More than 500,000 Rohingya have left their homes within a month in neighbouring Bangladesh (Parnini, Othman and Ghazali 2013). The discrimination with the people on various basis have been creating violence among people of Rohingya. Actually, Rohingya are the Muslim Minority group of Myanmars Raphine State having a population of approximately 1.1 million. These people are considered as the lowest minority group in Myanmar (Beyrer and Kamarulzaman 2017). The government of the country have not recognized their identity in the national identity record. The My anmar military have been executing a campaign for cleansing against the Rohingya people. The situation in the state has been worse due to the crisis. The Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh have been burning their homes, shooting, stabbing and raping in the state. The violence has been increasing with the negligence of the Myanmar Government. In October 2016, an insurgent group of Rohingya Refuges named as Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), causes attack on the border guard post and killing nine police officers (Singh and Haziq 2016). The High Commissioner of the UN have published the stories of rape and civic violence scenario in the report. The Government of Bangladesh has published various documents related to the official complaints for laying land mines along border of Myanmar (Prodip 2017). This causes aggression in the army and causing damage to the Rohingya people. The High Commissioner for Human Rights in the United Nations carried out interviews with the fled people of Rohingya and concluded that abuses are happening due to the crisis in the human rights and humanity. The current crisis began in August 2017 after attacks of ARSA on 30 police officers (Khan et al. 2016). There have been various cases abut raping, shooting, sexual assault and burning of the people in this crisis. The human rights of the people has been continuously violated in the Rohingya region. There has been a controversial report by the Myanmar government regarding the Rohingya crisis by disallowing the United Nation to conducts an investigation (Hoffstaedter 2017). In July 2017 report, the documented file reported that 87,000 Rohingya who had fled away in Bangladesh are facing several humanitarian challenges in living (Murray 2016). These challenges includes inability to get shelter, food and gender-biased. The United nation has been affected by this crisis in Rohingya. The UN has been allowed to interfere in this matter for investigating it. The Government has announced several plans for the refugees to build more than 14,000 shelters over 2000 acres of land. There has been serious challenges in the implementing of the plans into practice (Ahsan Ullah 2016). The civilians were not ready to understand the situation in the state and were out of control of the militants. The US government has provided $32 million in humanitarian aid. This have helped in maintaining the financial crisis among the refugees. While the UN and Red Cross have expanded guide to the Bangladesh border, where such a large number of Rohingya have fled, specialists are unabl e to see a fleeting future in which the Rohingya can live gently and with rise to rights inside Myanmar's outskirts (Kneebone 2017). The High Commissioner for Human Rights in the United Nations carried out interviews with the fled people of Rohingya and concluded that abuses are happening due to the crisis in the human rights and humanity. The European Unions humanitarian aid department (ECHO) has helped in providing funds for the relief programs in the Rakhine state. Since 2010, ECHO has provided more than 76 million in humanitarian aid. ECHO has additionally been giving critical subsidizing to life help to the unregistered Rohingya people in Bangladesh in Cox's Bazar region through global NGOs and the UN (Milton et al. 2017). Since 2007, near 35 million have been allotted for fundamental human services, water, sanitation, shield, nourishment, assurance and mental help, incorporating 4.5 million out of 2017. The UN should provide support to the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, which is led by former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. Aside from this life-sparing guide, ECHO will keep on advocating for better correspondence with the uprooted populaces and a more insurance situated emotionally supportive network (Kneebone 2017). Since 2013 ECHO has designated more than 1.1 million to IOM, incorporating 200 000 out of 2017, to give nourishment, essential family things, medicinal services and assurance to somewhere in the range of 3 000 Rohingya men, ladies and kids kept in Thailand after purportedly entering the nation wrongfully to travel advance away from home (Silove, Ventevogel and Rees 2017). The discrimination with the people on various basis have been creating violence among people of Rohingya. Actually, Rohingya are the Muslim Minority group of Myanmars Raphine State having a population of approximately 1.1 million. These people are considered as the lowest minority group in Myanmar. The government of the country have not recognized their identity in the national identity record. This aggregate incorporates a territorial philanthropic reaction to the mass oceanic relocation in 2015, named the 'boatpeople emergencies of the Andaman Sea, which saw countless outcasts and Bangladeshi vagrants escaping their nations of origin in scan for a place of refuge in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia (Smith 2017). The refusal of the experts to enlist Rohingya at birth or give marriage endorsements and other common documentation makes it hard to evaluate the size of the philanthropic necessities of these individuals, a considerable lot of whom live in troublesome conditions with insufficient nourishment admission and eating regimen expansion, or access to wellbeing mind. Without lawful status they are additionally unfit to seek after instruction also, formal business openings, and remain helpless against misuse and genuine security dangers (Devictor and Do 2017). The August 2017 brutality in Myanmar's Rakhine state activated another enormous inundation of Rohingya evacuees r unning over the outskirt, extending the limits of helpful offices working there, which had just been stressed since the past convergence in October 2016. The policies used in controlling the situation in Rohingya has been properly differentiated between the realist and liberal. According to the liberal point of view, the people in the district has been suffering firm various discrimination. Therefore, the policies needs to control and finish those inequalities in the district. The policies have to accommodate all the basic facilities of the people in the district. The realist focuses in the steps taken by the government for the benefit of refugees in that region. The UN Security Council might impose multi-lateral arms in the Rohingya district to meet the requirements of the people and carrying out necessary relief programs. The government have to provide various clinical facilities to control the spread of diseases among people of Rakhine district. The civil violence have to be controlled by strong military actions. The emotions of the people have to be secured that might help in minimizing stress in the situation. The government have to help in providing their basic human rights, as they are citizens of the country. The refusal of the experts to enlist Rohingya at birth or give marriage endorsements and other common documentation makes it hard to evaluate the size of the philanthropic necessities of these individuals, a considerable lot of whom live in troublesome conditions with insufficient nourishment admission and eating regimen expansion, or access to wellbeing mind. The people are seen as minorities that requires being change by provid ing them equal rights and opportunities like others. This might create a lot of difference in the situation. Different educational education needs to be constructed in the region for educating the small children of various families. Educating those help in making them understand about the drawbacks of the crisis. The UN Security Council have to put a target sanction for the Senior General of Myanmar and other security officers for providing security to the refuges in the Rakhine District. The UN Security Council should allow data collection with the help of UN Human Rights Council for identifying other risks in refugees and hold in the human rights abuses in the region. The UN have to provide extra funds in the region for motivating people in the Rakhine district. The US government have to support the policies of the UN Security Council for developing the situation in the Rakhine State. The US government have to control the military-to-military cooperation in Myanmar that is creatin g chaos in the civilians. The Government have to support the humanitarian aid for providing food and shelter to refugees. A proper sanitation and environment needs to be provided by the US government that helps in maintaining a clean environment for the refugees. References Ahsan Ullah, A.K.M., 2016. Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar: Seeking Justice for the Stateless.Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice,32(3), pp.285-301. Beyrer, C. and Kamarulzaman, A., 2017. Ethnic cleansing in Myanmar: the Rohingya crisis and human rights.The Lancet. Devictor, X. and Do, Q.T., 2017. How many years have refugees been in exile?.Population and Development Review,43(2), pp.355-369. Hoffstaedter, G., 2017. Refugees, Islam, and the State: The Role of Religion in Providing Sanctuary in Malaysia.Journal of Immigrant Refugee Studies,15(3), pp.287-304. Khan, M.S., Osei-Kofi, A., Omar, A., Kirkbride, H., Kessel, A., Abbara, A., Heymann, D., Zumla, A. and Dar, O., 2016. Pathogens, prejudice, and politics: the role of the global health community in the European refugee crisis.The Lancet infectious diseases,16(8), pp.e173-e177. Kneebone, S. ed., 2017.Comparative Regional Protection Frameworks for Refugees. Taylor Francis. Milton, A.H., Rahman, M., Hussain, S., Jindal, C., Choudhury, S., Akter, S., Ferdousi, S., Mouly, T.A., Hall, J. and Efird, J.T., 2017. Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,14(8), p.942. Murray, J.S., 2016. Displaced and forgotten child refugees: A humanitarian crisis.Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing,21(1), pp.29-36. Parnini, S.N., Othman, M.R. and Ghazali, A.S., 2013. The Rohingya refugee crisis and Bangladesh-Myanmar relations.Asian and Pacific Migration Journal,22(1), pp.133-146. Prodip, M.A., 2017. Health and Educational Status of Rohingya Refugee Children in Bangladesh.Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS],25(2), pp.135-146. Silove, D., Ventevogel, P. and Rees, S., 2017. The contemporary refugee crisis: an overview of mental health challenges.World Psychiatry,16(2), pp.130-139. Singh, J. and Haziq, M., 2016. The Rohingya Crisis: Regional Security Implications. Smith, T., 2017. Aung San Suu Kyi has no excuse for staying silent on the Rohingya crisis.

The Open Boat by Stephen Crane Essay Example

The Open Boat by Stephen Crane Paper Despite the unease it elicits, nature is indeed indifferent to human concerns. Western Civilization holds principles of fairness, justice and equality in high esteem. But a study of history would not reveal the triumph of these principles in any reasonable measure. Conversely, the forces of nature play a dominant role in determining the fates and prospects of human lives. To a lesser degree, fortuitous circumstances of life, as in being born into privilege and wealth, also play a major role. Hence, helplessness is an apt description of the human condition of various eras of the past. In this scenario, random fortune, on the one hand, and brutal determinism, on the other hand, squeeze whatever an individual could achieve through his/her free, creative and industrious will. In this essay, The Open Boat – a short story published by Stephen Crane in 1897 – will be studied in this philosophical context. The essay will concur with the core suggestion of the story, nam ely, that Nature is indifferent to human suffering. But this fact does not need to be viewed pessimistically, for in coming to terms with the workings of Nature, and through their own efforts, humans can relate to it in harmony. The story is based on a near-death shipwreck experience that Crane survived off the coast of Florida. The work stands out for its technical excellence. Such literary devices as irony, imagery and symbolism are infused into the storyline. But its inclusion in the American literary canon is largely due to its humanist thrust and its ethical ponderings. It deals with such themes as survival, humanitarianism and the challenge posed to humans by nature (Eye 65). The character of the Correspondent in the story – the doppelganger for the author – asks several important philosophical questions: â€Å"†If I am going to be drowned–if I am going to be drowned–if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees? Was I brought here merely to have my nose dragged away as I was about to nibble the sacred cheese of life? It is preposterous. If this old ninny woman, Fate, cannot do better than this, she should be deprived of the management of men’s fortunes. She is an old hen who knows not her intention. If she has decided to drown me, why did she not do it in the beginning and save all this trouble?† (Crane). We will write a custom essay sample on The Open Boat by Stephen Crane specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Open Boat by Stephen Crane specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Open Boat by Stephen Crane specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The authorial intent is deepened by such parallels in other key literary works. For example, a similar question could easily have been raised by Odysseus in the Odyssey as he navigated the seas for ten long years, though it would have extracted quite a different response. This is so, because â€Å"in Homer’s world the outcomes of Odysseus‘ situation are determined by responsive and involved gods, whereas in The Open Boat the four companions must face an impersonal and indifferent nature as the greatest determining force† (Meacham p.44). The most powerful statement of the short story is the negligible influence individuals have over the vagaries of Nature. This is evident in the very first line that starts: â€Å"None of them knew the color of the sky†, reflecting the unpredictability and hopelessness that torment the hearts of the â€Å"four poor waifs†, as they are set afloat in a small rowboat in frigid, hostile and shark-infested ocean waters. In the beginning, upon pondering the shock and awe induced by their situation, they feel that the forces of nature seemed to have conscious intentions, as their fortunes keep fluctuating rapidly. At times, the forces of nature seem to help the struggling men by blowing them in the direction of the shore and also offering seaweed clumps for support. But during other moments of their arduous journey, â€Å"the sea appears like a wild animal, consciously trying to overturn the boat and send its crew to a watery ending† (Meacham 43). But eventually, th ey come to the conclusion that the seven gods are neither really mad nor antagonistic to their cause. The truth seems to be somewhat more frightening than the two possibilities – â€Å"even worse than the existence of a higher power intent on their destruction – the higher power has no intentions for them at all† (Meacham 43). The existential disinterest of nature is evidenced only after prolonged struggle. This sentiment is succinctly captured by the following passage: â€Å"He soon discovers that any particular wave mastered was not â€Å"the final outburst of the ocean, the last effort of the grim water†; it is only a wave and soon there will be another.† A singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wave you discover that there is another behind it just as important and just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats† The four are silent in the struggle; neither optimism nor hopelessness is expressed† (Dooley 15). The Open Boat, alongside other of Crane’s critically acclaimed works such as Maggie (1893) and George’s Mother (1896) seem to suggest environmental determinism as the norm – a condition that could nullify human agency. This assessment is borne by several of Crane’s journalistic pieces as well. But a careful reading of The Open Boat actually opens up a fresh perspective. The story is seen to stand for the value of human endeavor and the significance of human solidarity amid the indifference of the cosmos. Crane’s experiences in the American West can be partly credited for the mature philosophy of human action that is displayed in the short story. The story â€Å"reaffirms the value of the resourceful human effort characteristic of Crane’s western tales and, in addition, offers the possibility of real success and genuine comradeship born of joint effort† (Dooley 14). In the chaos and utter distress of the situation the four men fou nd themselves in, rancor and mistrust could easily have played spoilsport. But instead, what they showed was solidarity and co-operation. It is an extremely tough but fair trial of wits and determination. In what must stand as testimony to human volition and will, they manage to survive this exacting ordeal, albeit with the exception of one companion. Works Cited Crane, Stephen. The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure. New York: Doubleday McClure Co., 1898. Print. Dooley, Patrick K. â€Å"The Humanism of Stephen Crane.† The Humanist Jan.-Feb. 1996: 14+. Print. Eye, Stefanie Bates. â€Å"Fact, Not Fiction: Questioning Our Assumptions about Crane’s â€Å"The Open Boat.†Ã¢â‚¬  Studies in Short Fiction 35.1 (1998): 65. Print. Meacham, Meredith. â€Å"Contemplating Sand and Trees in â€Å"The Open Boat† and the Odyssey.† The Humanist May-June 2006: 43+. Print. The Open Boat – Context. Web. 2nd June, 2012.

Essay Sample on Management in Japan

Essay Sample on Management in Japan Management in Japan, as well as in any other country, reflects its historical features, culture and public psychology. It is directly connected with social and economic setup of the country. Japanese methods of management are radically distinct from European and American. It doesnt mean that the Japanese operate more effectively. It is possible to tell more likely, that main principles of the Japanese and European management lay in different planes, having a few points of crossing. The Japanese management is based on collectivism. It uses all moral and psychological levers of influence on the person. First of all, call of duty to collective, which is almost identical to feeling of shame in the Japanese mentality. Considering the fact that Japanese tax system works on getting citizen’s incomes and welfare to some average value, by progressive-fiscal mechanism, welfare stratification in society is minimal, therefore it enables to use feeling of collectivism as effectively as possible. Japanese method of management differs from European and US methods first of all by its direction: main subject in Japanese management is human resources. Objective that Japanese top-mangers use to face with is to raise operating efficiency over increasing productivity of labor. Meanwhile, European and American management objective is profit maximization, with as low efforts as possible. We can define such characteristics of Japanese management: Employment guarantees lead to stability of manpower and reduce employee turnover. Stability serves as incentive for workers and employees, it strengthens corporate community feeling, harmonizes relations between ordinary workers and management. Released from pressing threat of dismissal and having a real opportunity for further promotion, workers receive motivation for strengthening feeling of fellowship with company. Stability gives possibility to increase quantity of managerial resources, on the one hand, and knowingly to direct their vector on the objectives more significant, than discipline maintenance, on the other hand. Japanese Employment guarantees provide system of lifelong hiring – unique occurrence that is doesnt clear for European mindset. When all managerial levels and workers start using common information database about firm politics and activity, atmosphere of participation and common responsibility starts to develop, improves interaction and increases productivity. In this respect meetings where engineers and administrative workers take part, bring in essential results. Japanese management also tries to create common base of understanding of corporate values for company’s workers such as qualitative service priority, cooperation between workers and administration, cooperation and interaction of departments. Management aspires to cultivate and maintain corporate values at all levels. Japanese companys presidents speak about necessity of quality assurance more often. While managing manufacture process their main care getting accurate data about quality. Personal care of the head consists of fastening efforts over quality control, and as a result, running his area of manufacture with highest quality Data gathering and its systematic applying to increase economic efficiency of manufacture, qualitative characteristics of manufacture and qualitative characteristics of production is given special sense. Every month head of the company checks income items, volume of manufacture, quality and gross receipt, to find out if results are coincided with defined values and to reveal future problems on early stages of their appearance. To cope with difficulties and to assist in solving problems in order of their appearance Japanese often allocate management personnel right in working area. While problems are solving little innovations are added and it leads to accumulating extra novelties. In Japan to assist additional innovations the system of innovative offers and groups of quality is widely used. Cleanness and order on manufacture is one of the essential factors that make Japanese goods of high quality. Directors set such order that helps increase productivity and quality of work. In general Japanese management is characterized by emphasis on improvement of human relations: coordination, collectivism, high moral qualities of workers and employees, harmonization of relations in corporation between workers and management. If you need a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation on Management, Economics, Business or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

Ethical Issues of Drinking at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical Issues of Drinking at Work - Essay Example Due to it, drinking can be defined as contradictory of the ethical conduct at work and especially in the field of engineering as far as it is directly linked to the well-being and quality of life of the public. Prior to narrowing the following discussion to the topic of the issue of drinking in the workplace, it is essential to explain what is commonly understood under the term ethics and how it applies to the work setting. In the most general sense, ethics can be regarded as a particular system of moral principles that influences decision-making and behavior of people. Richard Corrigan in his guide to ethics reminds in this regard a definition suggested by Manuel Velasquez and Claire Andre who concluded that the notions of ethics can be associated with â€Å"well based standards of right and wrong which prescribe what people ought to do in relation to obligations, rights, fairness, benefits to society, or specific virtues†. (41-42) Subsequently, the list of ethical standards is sure to include the ones concerned with compassion, honesty, or loyalty as well as those that touch upon the freedom of injury or the right to privacy. Moreover, it is important to mentions that ethics is co mmonly associated with both the individual and social context. At this point, it would be useful to resort to the etymology of the word ethics that can, in fact, be traced to the Greek ethos which stands for character or custom. (Corrigan 41-42)The following exemplifies that by its origin, ethics is aimed at focusing on not only an individual, his/her actions and character, but on the scope of essential social rules which guide behavior and actions, such as those related to evil and good that constitute human morality. Serving as a system of morally right and socially acceptable system of the standards of behavior and conduct, ethics is recognized as an extremely important component of human

Paul Samuelson, Abba Lerner and John Kenneth Galbraith in relation to Assignment

Paul Samuelson, Abba Lerner and John Kenneth Galbraith in relation to the idea of human flourishing - Assignment Example In one of his principles he stated that a government should maintain a reasonable level of demand at all times (Samuelson & Puttaswamaiah, 2002). In this consideration, he also added that in case of too little spending in the society; the government should reduce taxes or increase its own spending to correct the situation that also leads to unemployment. The other principle stated that by borrowing money when there is need to raise the interest rate and through lending money when there is need to reduce the rate of interest, the administration should be able to uphold the rate of interest that encourages the best amount of investment (Samuelson & Puttaswamaiah, 2002). All the two finance principles were summarized in his principles with the limiting the national debt principle so that all the needs of the people in the society are taken into consideration. John Kenneth Galbraith also had principles that argued and was based on understanding the trouble that exist currently within economics and economic policies. The works that were created by him were partly rooted to Marshall’s theory of the firm most of his principles were followed after the post war economy was dominated by bureaucratic corporations with more demand of consumers and also financiers. The principles he developed believed on expenditure as a factor that would be used to satisfy the needs of the consumer. The policies that are developed by the government are those focusing on consumer satisfaction.

Media Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Analysis Assignment - Essay Example This symbolizes the idea that the later generations of the first generation immigrants who made America their home during the early part of the twentieth century, have become an integral part of the culture of this continent. In simple words it means that these later generations have become completely ‘Americanized’ by losing their own cultural identity, thus adding to the cultural pot where all cultures simply melt away to produce a mash called the ‘American culture’. However, a closer look will reveal that it is not so as the myth claims. Indeed, America is more about the co-existence of different cultures that are each vitally alive in their own identities. Here we will review and analyze the movie â€Å"Crash†, and see the different underlying racial discriminations that are often existent in real life America. This movie portrays the co-existence of many cultures from different parts of the world living in America, and tries to show the tensions between them, and how they judge each other and form assumptions. In real sense this movie does a commendable job in bursting the myth of the so called ‘great American cultural melting pot’. There are two very distinct sides to the myth of this ‘cultural melting pot’. One part signifies that all are welcome in this country, irrespective of being rich, poor, black, white or brown. Everyone is welcome to take a part in the grand American dream of prosperity and freedom, and be a part of the single cultural identity that is called ‘Americanism’. The other side is much darker, that which with the help of this myth attempts to extenuate the presence of racial discrimination and bigotry. It simply tries to portray racism and intolerance as a passing phase as the minority immigrants adjust in this new country. This is evident in a magazine article that in 1875 said â€Å"the fusing process goes on as in a blast-furnace;

Analysing and Applying Business Process Reengineering

Analysing and Applying Business Process Reengineering In the first part of this assignment the meaning of business process reengineering (BPR) is analysed. In more details, it is outlined how business processes might be reengineered to improve company or organizational performance. The themes covered are: The importance of BPR in organizations The objectives of implementing BPR The specific techniques that can be used (like process mapping) The required training The possible problems in implementation (like resistance) As about the second part, a critical evaluation is made concerning the statement of McCabe (2004: 851): BPR does not challenge hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and power relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus. In this section of the assignment it is critically evaluated the proposition that BPR in fact does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control and in several important respects simply reinforces them. ANALYSIS OF PART 1. The term of BPR Today the business world is characterized by unpredictable changes, under the global competition and the customers demands. To be successful in such an environment, a firm must operate with speed, flexibility, low overheads and a clearly defined customer focus. The term business process reengineering (BPR) refers to an approach that is used by organizations seeking improvements in their business performance (Anonymous, 2007). The importance of BPR There is a series of driving forces, which trigger companies to undertake reengineering projects. These are customers, competition, change, cost, technology and shareholders and they lead to a requirement of new organizational structures and an alteration of the traditional way of doing business. Organizations consider BPR as an important tool of organizational improvement, as it helps them achieve the radical change necessary for todays volatile business environment. Additionally, BPR stresses the importance of linkages within an organisation. Though its structure integrated processes are generated concerning the nature of peoples jobs and how people are grouped and organized in the working environment. What is more, through BPR peoples jobs become multidimensional instead of narrow and traditional task orientation. When the concept of process is promoted in the BPR, cross boundary teamwork is incorporated and process shifts the goal focus on performance measurement and managerial r esponsibility from a function or responsibility center to an activity derivative process concept. So, BPR defines process teams as an important element in the business environment where work becomes multidimensional, substantive and more rewarding (Anonymous, 2007). It can be concluded that the importance of BPR is found at the fact that it is a dynamic tool for improving operations. BPR provides a process view of the organisation and a way of improving processes. Using this approach a company will be organized based on processes. As a result, processes are simplified, flows are improved and non value added work is eliminated (Schroeder, 2000). BPR is a complete life cycle approach. This provides the scope for problem identification and also solutions to implement the successful business operations. BPR can significantly improve cost, quality, service and speed simultaneously, so important results are provided to customers (Thyagarajan and Khatibi, 2004). It can be supported that organisations should focus on BPR for three key reasons: Firstly, there is much to be gained by improving business process. Secondly, business processes can be controlled and finally business processes are comparatively more important than production processes (Anonymous, 2007). The objectives of BPR BPR is a fundamental element in improving business performance and profitability. The BPR objectives refer to: improved operational performance, by closing performance gaps improved competencies, by closing skill and competency gaps reduced costs and manpower savings, by application of management analysis tools and techniques improved customer services or employee quality of life increased customer satisfaction increased productivity in the workplace continuous improvement of services quality delivered quality goods at competitive prices in a timely fashion (Anonymous, 2010a). The technical tools used in BPR There are different improvement techniques that can be adopted to analyse the BPR. These techniques enable the organization to understand, simplify and improve processes that already exist, not only to meet, but also to exceed the expectations of customers and provide a coordinating discipline for overall performance improvement (Anonymous, 2007). The selection of technical tools for BPR depends upon: (i) the nature of decision areas, (ii) the nature of data to be analysed, and (iii) the background of users. Table 1. The specific techniques that can be used in BPR Areas to be reengineered Techniques used in BPR BPR strategies Decision support system and Knowledge-based models Business process system design Analytical models such as queuing and simulations models Project management PERT/CPM and Flow Charts Reengineering business process Activity-based analysis and workflow model including flow chart Design of information system for reengineering business process Object-oriented models and programming Understanding of the business process system IDEF Models, EFQM Models, Petri-Net Models (Gunasekaran and Kobu, 2002). Process Mapping is a technique known as Process Charting or Flow Charting and is one of the oldest, simplest and most valuable techniques for streamlining work. It is one of the fastest ways to lower errors, increase productivity and affect customer service. It generally follows these steps: Choose a process. Assemble a team. Map out the way work is currently done. Identify problem areas. Brainstorm solutions. Evaluate action steps. Assign responsibilities. Create a master plan. Follow through. (Anonymous, 2010b). Process Mapping is an important tool in examining work flow and customer supplier relationships, which is the foundation for appropriate improvements. Additionally, it is a cost effective training tool for everyone interesting in increasing the efficiency of their organization and improving communication. (Damelio, 1996). Many organizations use this technique as a part of their reengineering projects, as it provides a variety of benefits (figure 1). Figure 1. The main benefits of implementing process mapping technique (Image available at the website http://www.google.gr, accessed 8-10-2010) The BPR training Implementing successfully BPR in an organisations environment is not an easy task, as the appeared changes require changes in attitudes and deep involvement of workforce both in individual and team level. As a result, the fact that a major aspect of BPR is human factor, it makes obvious that appropriate training is required in order to implement successfully BPR in the business environment. Companies should ensure that their employees are suitably motivated and the technology required for training is available in implementing BPR. Training is one of the most frequently used approaches to changing the organisations mindset. A company might offer the suitable training programs so as to effectively implement BPR processes (Daft, 2006) According to White (2010) business process reengineering education and training can come in a variety of ways, including: Learning more about process design at a graduate level. Using online continuing education options for further education. Attending seminars that cover various aspects of business process reengineering. The possible problems in BPR implementation Various radical changes occur when BPR takes place. Hammer and Champy (1993, cited in Anonymous, 2007) have listed the various kinds of changes that occur when a company re-engineers its business process. A shift from functional departments to process teams Job change A reversal of the power relationship: from superordinate to subordinate empowerment . Today markets are characterized by a high flow of information and companies face competitive business environments. Under this reality, organizations must follow effective strategies concerning change management (Robbins, 2001). BPR has to do with improving company or organizational performance, so its implementation requires the changes mentioned above often in a rapid way of implementation in attitudes and deep involvement of workforce both in individual and team level. These changes often refer to redefinition of charts structure and/ or redesign of the workforces roles and responsibilities. The new situation can bring resistance to change, so managers should examine carefully the way BPR implementation will take place. Managers should support understanding and trust concerning the new situation and minimize uncertainty within the workplace. The suggestions for dealing with the possible resistance to change are the following: Determining the goals of BPR implementation. Establishing a clear view about the changes that will occur in the workplace. Applying a direct communication method between managers and employees Checking the procedures of re-engineering, so as to deal with possible problems and find solutions. Focusing on performance measures and compensation shifts Enhancing customer focus as about value change Showing an appropriate management behaviour, through control and supervision Under these suggestions the changes in the business process, lob and structures, management and measurement systems, values and beliefs will result in a flatter organizational structure. As a consequence all the aspects (people, jobs, managers and values) are linked together and the organization will become more responsive in BPR implementation (Anonymous, 2007). ANALYSIS OF PART 2. In this section it will be critically evaluated the statement of McCabe (2004: 851): BPR does not challenge hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and power relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus. In order to make this evaluation, it is essential to introduce the issue of hierarchical authority in an organizations environment. Hierarchical structures are present in most organizations today. Smaller organizations may have only two levels, while larger ones may have a vast number of levels. These structures are used as a method of communications and as the lines of authority. In an organizational environment, the hierarchy mainly apart of a singular/group of power at the top with subsequent levels of power beneath them. Members of such structures chiefly communicate with their immediate superior and with their immediate subordinates. Hierarchical authority structures are providing the opportunity for greater decision-making width for individuals and more flexible definitions of job activities. This is a challenge to existing organizational forms (Zhao, Rosson and Purao, 2007). In a hierarchical organisation employees are ranked at various levels within the organisation, each level is one above the other. At each stage in the chain, one person has a number of workers directly under them, within their span of control. A tall hierarchical organisation has many levels and a flat hierarchical organisation will only have a few (Anonymous, 2010d). At figure 2 a traditional hierarchy is given. Figure 2. A traditional hierarchy diagram (Hierarchical Organisation, available at the website http://www.learnmanagement2.com, accessed 18-10-2010) CHIEF EXECUTIVE MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER ASSISTANT MANAGER ASSISTANT MANAGER ASSISTANT MANAGER STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF It is obvious that hierarchies within control systems are a clear need for business environments. Without some form of hierarchy, a low level of control can create numerous problems in an organization. There ate two kinds of control systems: flat and hierarchical. Hierarchical architectures have a more indirect coupling of perceptions to actions through a hierarchical control structure. Both kinds of control systems have benefits, but hierarchical structure can support faster learning and a better way to deal with resistance to change (Digney, 1998) Control is a fundamental managerial function. It is the process of regulating organizational activities so that actual performance conforms to expected organizational standards and goals and ensures that necessary corrective action is taken. In fact, control is ensuring work accomplishment according to plans. It is a process of ensuring that activities are producing desired results. We can support that control is an executive function involving three elements, i.e., standards, evaluative and corrective action. BPR is the latest wave in a series of management initiatives to increase managerial control (Gupta, 2010). According to the issues covered in the analysis of part one of this assignment, business process reengineering is proved to be a revolutionary, radical change approach to improving organizational performance through transformation. BPR methodologies aim for a flatter organizational structure, promoting the development of empowered process workers who are encouraged to use information technology in radically new ways to carry out business operations. In BPR approaches, empowerment is inflicted by leadership changing worker values and through the use of information technologies enables managerial control. Empowerment through BPR does not necessarily release control but does change the way control is exercised. Authority is still enforced through hierarchical control of culture. The reengineering approach polishes the management of power relations, when attempts are made to change traditional power structures and everyday power relations through the flattening of the hierarchy (Sayer an d Harvey, 1997). The introduction of reengineering introduces a new relationship of power in the form of a discipline which the reengineering sustains through discourse control. In this new situation any discipline comes with its structures, its hierarchies, its inspections, exercises and methods of training and conditioning (Foucault, 1980, p. 158). BPR is an approach that supports transformation with the notion of producing the flatter organization. Hierarchy and control are still promoted and within BPR, the emphasis lies on changing the formal patterns and using mechanisms of control to change the informal (Sayer and Harvey, 1997). BPR is a strong tool of managerial control. Controlling is the fourth function of management process (the other functions are planning, organizing and leading). Through BPR managers can identify whether the organization is on target towards its goals and can make better corrections if necessary. In BPR, information technology is generally considered as playing a role as enabler of new forms of organizing and collaborating. New information technology can help managers provide needed organizational control without strict top down constraints. A representative example is that of Cisco Systems: By using information technology to coordinate and monitor several aspects of operations, the company keeps tabs on employee and organizational performance without maintaining daily authoritarian control over workers. Cisco employees have amazing freedom to make decision and take actions, but they also know that top managers keep a close eye on what is going on throughout the company (Daft, 2006). Most businesses try to take advantage of BPR concerning dealing with the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control. BPR assumes radical redesign of business processes. Many processes simply can not be further improved in small steps and require a complete redesign in order to improve them in a major way. Hierarchical control is a fundamental element in this effort and managers who desire to organize around outcomes, have people processed their own information, put the decision point where the work is performed and build control into the process, should support the view that BPR can reinforce the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control. BPR is a management system of forced, speedy culture change, highly linked to hierarchical control. In fact it does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control and in several important respects simply reinforces them. CONCLUSIONS Business Process Reengineering includes changes concerning both structures and procedures defined in a business environment. Human, organizational, technological dimensions that characterize an organization can change through BPR. Using this approach, organizations can seek improvements in their business performance. As it was analysed at the first part of this assignment, organizations consider BPR as an important tool of organizational improvement, as it helps them achieve the radical change necessary for todays volatile business environment. Additionally, BPR stresses the importance of linkages within an organization. What is more, through BPR peoples jobs become multidimensional instead of narrow and traditional task orientation. In result, the importance of BPR is found at the fact that it is a dynamic tool for improving operations. BPR is a fundamental element in improving business performance and profitability. The main BPR objectives refer to improved operational performance, improved competencies, reduced costs and manpower savings, improved customer services or employee quality of life, increased customer satisfaction, increased productivity in the workplace, continuous improvement of services quality and delivered quality goods at competitive prices in a timely fashion. There are different improvement techniques that can be adopted to analyse the BPR. Among them, Process Mapping is a technique known as Process Charting or Flow Charting and is one of the oldest, simplest and most valuable techniques for streamlining work. It is a cost effective training tool for everyone interesting in increasing the efficiency of their organization and improving communication and is highly preferred by enterprises today. Implementing successfully BPR in an organisations environment is not an easy task, as a major aspect of BPR is human factor. So, companies should ensure that their employees are suitably motivated and the technology required for training is available in implementing BPR. Various radical changes occur when BPR takes place, so managers should carefully examine the strategies in change management so as to achieve the best efficiency and deal appropriately with the possible resistance to change that BPR will bring. The second part included a critical evaluation of the statement of McCabe (2004: 851): BPR does not challenge hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and power relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus. According to the relevant analysis, within control systems are a clear need for business environments. Without some form of hierarchy, a low level of control can create numerous problems in an organization. Hierarchical structure can support faster learning and a better way to deal with resistance to change, so BPR supports the management initiatives to increase managerial control. . In BPR approaches, empowerment is inflicted by leadership changing worker values and through the use of information technologies enables managerial control. Empowerment through BPR does not necessarily release control but does change the way control is exercised. Most businesses should try to take advantage of BPR concerning dealing with the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control. This is because BPR is a management system of forced, speedy culture change, highly linked to hierarchical control. In fact it does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control and in several important respects simply reinforces them.